suggests older adults, poorer families, and individuals of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity are least likely to have a three-day supply of food, drinking water, and medication, a preparedness measure for power outages ( 27- 29). Several factors influence the severity of economic, social, and health costs of power outages including outage frequency, duration, timing, and geographic range, as well as mitigation measures, population preparedness, and prior experience ( 19, 23).ĭocumented disparities in power outage preparedness and exposureĮvidence from the U.S. Although, altruistic acts, including providing assistance to others, donating money, assisting with traffic, may also increase ( 19- 22). Social costs include increased crime, motor vehicle crashes, psychosocial stress, and interrupted communication between emergency services, delivery of clean water, and waste removal ( 3, 12, 19, 20). cost between $4-10 billion ( 17), and electricity infrastructure repairs alone cost $3.5 billion after Hurricane Sandy ( 18). The 2003 Northeast Blackout in Canada and the U.S. Economically, they interrupt business, cripple the internet, and halt many forms of transportation ( 8). Outages, particularly those related to weather, are almost always accompanied by intersecting and related phenomena that result in economic, social, and health damages ( Figure 2). Department of Energy as: 50,000+ customers affected or an unplanned loss of 300 MW. A large power outage is defined by the U.S. 2018 ( 10), which they assembled from publicly-available datasets. For example, Texas had 65 power outages caused by severe weather between 2000-2016. B) Count of outages by primary cause type by state between 2000-2016. Summary of large power outages in the United States from 2000-2016.Ī) Number of large power outages by cause between 2000-2016. Most widespread power outages were caused by severe weather ( Figure 1B) and Florida, California, New York, and Michigan were hit hardest with 25.3 million, 22.2 million, 18.3 million, and 12.4 million affected customers, respectively ( 15). Such attacks present substantial risk to the electricity grid and could result in an outage that stretches for months across wide geographies, especially if timed after a natural disaster ( 16). Electromagnetic events and intentional cyber-physical attacks caused >25% of total U.S. Department of Energy ( 13), occur more commonly in the winter and summer and year-round during the mid-afternoon ( 14). Large blackouts, disturbances that interrupt more than 300MW (enough power for ~50,000 homes) or 50,000 customers and require reporting to the U.S. In the U.S., major power outages increased 10-fold between 1984–2012 with the average household experiencing 470 minutes without power in 2017 ( 11, 12).
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